Householders were also mandated to keep their doorways clean. In the mid nineteenth century, New York introduced street sweeping machines and self-loading carts and most cities employed street cleaners. Street cleaning efforts by the city were mostly motivated by the fear of the wide spread of diseases like cholera, typhoid, small pox or yellow fever. These diseases were caused by the house fly which found solace in horse dung and dead horses in the streets. Aside from the fear of disease, street cleaning was viewed by the city council as a waste of resources. However, some cities, like New York devised a way to profit from street cleaning by selling the manure as fertilizer. As a result of this drive to profit (or at least recoup costs) by selling the manure, there was a general deterioration of sanitary conditions as other garbage collection, which were not providing as must profit to the city, were neglected. The manure then became contaminated with other city filth rendering it unfit to be used as manure. Thus, the entire street cleaning endeavor was not nearly as successful as it was required to