2) An Annales School-style analysis of the long-term structures of Chinse history may show something else: Powerful forces indigenous (such as population growth, inflation, growth of the money economy, etc.) to China were changing China in a fundamental way—these, not Western contact, gave rise to Chinese modernitzation. Nineteenth century contacted influence the way those things were expressed, but did not cause them or significantly alter them. Kuhn “Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China” and also, I think, “Soulstealing.” This approach is largely endorsed by Pauk Coheng in his “Discovering History in China: American Historical Writing on the Recent Chinese Past” as part of a “China-centered history” that seeks to understand Chinese history in Chinese terms, and from a standpoint that emphasizes analytic precision in its terms. The debate over “sprouts of capitalism” in pre-1840 China is