Betty Smith Williams Influence On Nursing Practice

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African American nurses like Mary Eliza Mahoney, Mary Seacole, Susie King Taylor, and Harriet Tubman; just to name a few, have influenced current nursing practice by fighting against racism and social injustices to change racial divides within the nursing profession. Estelle Massey Osborn was an activist who worked to provide equal nursing opportunity for African Americans. As a consultant for the National Nursing Council for War Service, Osborne, "helped to get color ban lifted form nursing in the U.S. Army and Navy" (Jody, 2013). Betty Smith Williams broke barriers and impacted change as she "became the first black person to teach at either a college or university in the entire state of California" (Jody, 2013). Despite systemic inequality