Notes On Biology

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Membrane bound cells
Cells that are surrounded by a membrane
Multicellular organisms
Organisms that consist of more than one cell
Eukaryotes
Living organisms
Eukaryotic cells
Multicellular cells that have complex structures.
Ultra structure
Cell details
Organelles
Parts of a cell that have specific jobs/functions
Chromatin
Contents of the nucleus
Thylakoids
A network of flattened sacs in the chloroplast
Stroma
Thick fluid in the chloroplast
Hormones
Chemical messenger molecules which help co-ordinate a cell’s activities.
Undulipodia
A synonym for flagella
Turgidity
Strong
Division of labour
Each organelle has a specific job and these organelles work in unison to ensure survival of the cell.
Cristae
Highly folded inner membrane in the mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
A network of protein threads in the cytoplasm
Microtubule motors
Proteins that move organelles.
Magnification
The degree to which the size of the object is bigger than the object itself
Resolution
The degree to which it is possible to clearly distinguish between two objects which are very close together.
Light microscope
Max magnification: x1500
Max resolution: 0.2 micrometres
Eyepiece graticule
Transparent glass with no set length which is placed on the eyepiece of a L.M
Cathode ray tube
Where the image from a scanning electron microscope is formed
Artifact
Structures produced from preparation process (e.g trapping air bubbles)
Gentian violet
Binds to violet colour and cell walls of prokaryotes
Bilayer
Phospholipids molecules which are two layers thick and are found in biological membranes.
Permeable
Allowing fluids or gases to pass or diffuse through
Partially permeable
A membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows some molecules to pass through but not others.
Hydrophobic
Not attracted to water
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water
Glycoproteins
A protein with carbohydrate molecule chains attached to them
Glycocalyx
When the carbohydrate portion of the glycoprotein extends in to the intercellular space
Cholesterol
Made of lipids
Also known as steroids
Kink
A bend in the tail
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