Chapter 43, 45-48 Essay

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Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Thyroid Gland Body tissue
The hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal vessels that connect the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary which secretes certain hormones in response. Hypothalamus secretes thyroproin releasing hormone, stimulating the anterior pituitary to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). Thyroid secretes thyroid hormone in response.
Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Collecting duct
Refers to neurosecretory cells that extend to posterior pituitary and secrete ADH which acts on collecting ducts of kidney to promote increased water reabsorption in kidney Angiotensinogen Angiotensin Aldosterone Kidneys and Arterioles
Angiotensinogen is activated to angiotensin which acts on adrenal glands. Adrenals secrete aldosterone in response to angiotensin. Aldosterone promotes water and Na+ reabsorption in kidney and arteriole constriction to increase blood volume and pressure.
Sodium is actively pumped out of the axon by Na+/K+ pump to restore resting potential.
B cells in islets of Langerhans of the pancreas secrete insulin
Fish have kidneys and produce urine, use gills and skin to excrete nitrogenous wastes. Planarians use flame bulbs. Grasshoppers and other arthropods use Malpighian tubules for excretion and osmoregulation Axons with

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