Cheat Sheet Bianca Bello
2million b.c- early people first begin using stone tools, like scrapers and arrowheads. 30,000b.c-the stone age. 18,000b.c-during the last ice age, huge glaciers spread across parts of eur,asi,northame. 9,000b.c-Neolithic agricultural revolution. 3,000b.c-river valley civilizations emerge (development of writing, preserving written records of their history). The study of people is known as geography,which study their environments and the resources available to them. It is divided in 5themes: location(like latitude[ns] and longitude[ew], proximity and climate,tells where a place is on the surface of the earth), place(is described by physical features,characteristics;area defined by everything in it), human-environment interaction(relationship between people and their environment;how people were shaped by places they lived,or how they shape places), movement(the way people,products,information and ideas move from one place to another), region(area defined by certain similar natural or human characteristic). The period of time before people invented writing systems is known as prehistory, there were no cities, countries, organized central governments, or complex inventions. And the study of the origins and development of people and their societies is anthropology, for them, culture refers to the way of life of a society and passes from one generation to another. And a specialized kind of them are the archaeologists, that study past people and cultures and study objects made by human beings,artifacts,like tools,clothing etc..then they can draw conclusions about the beliefs , values and activities of our ancestors. The farther down they dug, the older artifacts they found. Archaeologists traced how early people developed new technologies, or the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs,such as stone tools.even they use technologies, like computers, which help to study and interpret their findings. But historians study how people lived in the past, they also study artifacts, but they rely more on written evidences. Periods- Pre Cambrian(4,600 to 900millions of years ago): origin of earth, crustal rocks, evidence of life, first oxygen atmosphere, ozone layer forms, metazoan fossils. Paleozoic(510 to 245millions ya): fishes, plants, amphibians evolve, huge mass extinction. Continent drifting(end of Pangea). Mesozoic(200 to 65millions ya): reptiles like dinos, mammals, birds, atlantic ocean first opens, angiosperms flowering plants, dinosaurs go extinct. Cenozoic (3.4millions ya to now): Lucy the Australopithecus afarensis, pleistocene ice age begins[2], Homo erectus fossils from Ethiopia [.600], Homo sapiens appears in fossil record[.100]. Of all the animals already existed, 99% are extinct. 3.5millions ya: Australopithecus afarensis: Lucy, southern ape afar, region Ethiopia, bipedal,early hominid, our ancestor, bipedal (walk on 2 feet, environment changed and walking was more common, and the result was the adaptation, less energy used). 2.3mya: Paranthropus boisei: ranged East Africa, herbivore. 2.2mya: Homo habilis: the handy man, ranged eastern and southern Africa, omnivorous, half size of the modern brain, made the first tools by stone. 1.8mya: Homo ergaster or erectus: walk in groups, share food, fire, more complex relationship, monogamous, ability to communicate (have voice box), bigger brain, less hair body. 400,000ya: Homo Heidelbergensis: slipt north and south of Africa. 130,000ya: Homo Neanderthalensis: Europe and southwestern to central Asia, Iced Age (adapted to the cold). 30,000ya: Homo sapiens: artificially manipulate and control the natural world, able to imagine and to critical, abstract and forward thinking. Old Stone Age (or Paleolithic age): 2million b.c -10,000b.c, the first tool makers. People create cave paintings that show the animals they hunt. They were nomads, moved from place to place. Small hunting(men) and
