Genetics Questions Essay

Submitted By rockstrmum
Words: 1192
Pages: 5

Chapter 10 and 11

1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter, then moves along the DNA adding complimentary ribonucleotides, until the end of the gene is reached, transcription occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction and an RNA transcript is the end result
2. Ribosomal – combines with proteins to form ribosomes; Transfer-transport correct amino acids to ribosomes and pairs them up with an mRNA code for that amino acid; Messenger-conveys information from chromosomes to ribosomes
3. For transcription to occur, RNA polymerase must first bind to a promoter
4. Addition of a 5’ cap (guanine is added at the 5’ end), Addition of a 3’ poly A tail (3’ end cleaved at the AAUAAA sequence), Introns have to be removed and exons are spliced together
5. Composed of 64 codons, simple, practically universal, and redundant; most of the code is the same for all organisms and more than one codon specifies a specific amino acid
6. Codons consist of three nucleotides and an anticodon corresponds with the codon
7. Initiation – Initiator tRNA binds to small ribosomal subunits, then attaches to mRNA and moves along it to an AUG “start” codon, a large ribosomal subunit joins the complex; Elongation – mRNA passes through ribosomal subunits, tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosomal binding site in the order specified by the mRNA, and a peptide bond forms and grows; Termination – a stop codon in the mRNA moves onto the ribosoma binding site, no tRNA has a corresponding anticodon, proteins called release factors bind to the ribosome and mRNA and polypeptide are released
8. Transcription occurs in the nucleus
9. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm
10. Some just enter the cytoplasm but many enter the endoplasmic reticulum and move through the cytomembrane system where they are modified
11. Caused by UV light, ionizing radiation, and alkylating agents
12. Three
13. It produces three proteins that break lactose into glucose and galactose – the operator is cAMP
14. Mammalian females have two x chromosomes, one x is inactivated in each cell and inactivation is random
15. Signaling molecules, stimulate or inhibit activity in target cells, mechanism of action varies (may bind to cell surface, may enter cell and bind to regulatory proteins, may bind with enhancers in DNA)

Chapter 13 & 14

1. A. Hippocrates-all aspects of nature can be traced to their underlying causes
B. Aristotle – each organism is distinct from all the rest and nature is a continuum or organization
C. George Cuvier – Theory of catastrophism – original population destroyed by a great catastrophe and was repopulated by few survivors
D. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck – Theory of Aquired Characteristics – Environmental pressure and internal desires bring about changes in the individual’s body; offspring inherit these changes
E. Charles Darwin – Natural Selection – population can change over time when individuals differ in one or more heritable traits that are responsible for differences in the ability to survive and reproduce
F. Lyell – Subtle, repetitive process of change had shaped the earth – Theory of Uniformity
G. Malthus – As population size increases, resources dwindle, the struggle to live intensifies and conflict increases
2. Discovery of new organisms, biogeography, comparative anatomy, geological discoveries
3. Naturalist who arrived at the same conclusion as Darwin
4. Group of individuals belonging to the same species, occupying the same given area, and showing certain morphological, physiological, and behavioral traits in common
5. The population from which an organisms genes come from
6. disruptive selection, directional selection, stabilizing selection
7. When allele frequencies remain constant generation after generation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium occurs and evolution does not take place - no mutations, random mating, gene doesn’t affect survival or reproduction, large population, no immigration/emigration
8. change in allele frequencies brought about by mutation,