Well before the coming of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X in the 1940’s Civil Rights activists were beginning the use of non violent action, such as sit-ins, boycotts, marches and freedom rides, to attain racial equality and bring consciousness to White America (Franklin, 2011, p. 511). From the 1940’s to the 1970’s there were four identifiable stepping stones—labor activism, challenges to the courts, nonviolent mass direct action, and assertions of black self-determination. Each stepping stone…
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