Arthur Spirling examined treaties and agreements between the U.S. and Native Americans, by assigning binary codes to text. He published his results in his paper U. S. Treaty Making with American Indians: Institutional Change and Relative Power, 1784-1911. Between the War of Independence and the turn of the twentieth century, approximately two million square miles of land were transferred from the sovereignty of Native Americans to that of the United States. Treaties may be considered contracts both legally and conceptually. Since the American Revolution, treaties negotiated under Article II of the Constitution are interpreted by the Supreme Court as commitments wholly separate to legislation. The treaty process and its consequences are of profound practice concern and have thus received considerable attention from students of government, historians, and legal scholars (Spirling, 2012). In Spirling research, he used a subset of data that was reported by Deloria and DeMallie (1999). All treaties and agreements were not used. In total 595 documents were converted to text. In analyzing the text, a term document matrix was created. He took the universe of almost 600…show more content… Tracking and Understanding Black Views (2015), he analyzes the civil rights movement accomplishments through surveys of self-identified blacks, which asked them if racial discrimination had declined since the civil rights movement. The movement sought to break down barriers and eliminate racial disparities. Whether respondents believed that the movement had reduced discrimination is a particularly salient way to gauge whether individuals perceived hat the movement had made meaningful progress in securing its most basic goal. This article points out that the according to whites, the movement eliminated racial barriers and was successful, therefore black disadvantage is a product of the individuals own fault, their culture or their
