Essay about Lab 6

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1. Why are spindle fibers important for mitosis?
Spindle fibers are important for mitosis because they divide the genetic material in a cell. The spindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during both types of nuclear division.
2. State the four bases that make up DNA.
a. adenine (A)
b. guanine (G)
c. cytosine (C)
d. thymine (T)
3. What are the two base pairs?
a. A with T
b. C with G
4.
a. Define the term crossing over.
Crossing over is the process where chromosomes exchange material.
b. Explain why crossing over is important in meiosis.
It leads to an increase in genetic diversity.
5. What are the two main differences between mitosis and meiosis?
a. Mitosis one division occurs and in Meiosis two divisions occur
b. In mitosis synapsis of homologous chromosomes does not occur and Meiosis synapsis of homologous chromosomes occurs.
6.
a. Explain the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis.
During mitosis division of the nucleus into two identical nuclei occurs. Cytokinesis is followed by mitosis, resulting in division of cytoplasm and resulting in the formation of two daughter cells around two daughter nuclei completing the cell division.
b. When does mitosis occur during the cell cycle?
During M phase in cell division.
7. When does cytokinesis occur during the cell cycle? Explain the differences that occur during cytokinesis of plant and animal cells.
Cytokinesis occurs during telophase. In animal cells, cleavage furrows start to appear during telophase. The original cell pinches off into two daughter cells, starting with an indentation at the cell equator called the cleavage furrow. The furrow deepens as microfilaments in the cytoplasm contract, pinching the parent cell into two cells. This process does not occur in plant cells. Rather, in plant cells, a cell plate forms from cell wall material which collects in the middle of the cell. The cell plate grows outward until its membrane fuses with the parental cell wall, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells.
8.
a. Interphase -D
b. Prophase-B
c. Metaphase-C
d. Anaphase-A
e. Telophase/cytokinesis-E
9. Refer to the image below. What stage of mitosis is the cell identified below undergoing?
Metaphase
10. Refer to the images below. Place the cells identified with the letters A through E in correct order for a cell undergoing mitosis.
a. Interphase -B
b. Prophase-C
c. Metaphase-E
d. Anaphase-D
e. Telophase/cytokinesis-A
11. Refer to the data on the corn kernel color ratio from Part III of the lab.
a. What was the phenotypic ratio from Step 1? 38P/33Y=1.15:1 What was the phenotypic ratio from Step 2?
47P/12Y=3.91:1

c. What was the phenotypic ratio from Step 3? (Remember there were four possible types for this part of the lab.)
18:5:4:2= 9:2.5:2:1
12. Recall from the background information that purple kernels are dominant and yellow kernels are recessive. The second ear of corn was the result of crossing two heterozygous ears of corn male purple (Pp x Pp). This is represented by the Punnett square below. Complete the Punnett Square by writing the correct letters that correspond to each number indicated in the table.
a. 1-pp
b. 2-Pp
c. 3-Pp
d. 4-pp
13. Once the Punnett square for Question 12 is complete, calculate the ratio of purple and yellow kernels (recall that if the dominant trait is present, it will be expressed).
a. What is the ratio of purple to yellow kernels based on the Punnett square?
2:1
b. How did this compare to the ratio obtained from counting the corn kernels for ear number two in part III of the lab?
There is a difference of 1.
14. Recall from the background information that purple kernels are dominant and yellow kernels are recessive. Also recall
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