Essay on Micro-Organisms and Antibiotic Resistance

Submitted By jayans1975
Words: 3308
Pages: 14
Open Document
Qualification: Graduate Diploma in Infection Control and Prevention

Course number: 7508

Assessment number: 7

Student number: 27011767

Course tutor: Elsie Truter

Submission date: 04/07/2014

1st submission/re-submission: Re-submission

Word total: 3398

One of the greatest problems that the world at large and the health care system of the world and especially the health care system of New Zealand suffering is the antibiotic resistance between microorganisms. Antibiotics are medicines used to kill or slow down the growth of bacteria that causes infectious diseases (Department of Health, 2014). Antibiotics are used to treat and prevent infectious bacterial diseases in humans and in domestic and food-producing animals. If bacteria become resistant the antibiotics become ineffective. Penicillin is the first antibioticdiscovered by Alexander Fleming in1928. Penicillin is used as an antibiotic drugfor many years and it helped to control the widespread occurrence of a disease. This drug is very effective against bacteria’s if prescribed it properly. But, the situation is changed after a long period of its usage. This continuous usage of drug leaded to a worse condition, which was the development of drug resistance against this particular antibiotic (Centre for disease control and prevention, 2013). Moreover, there were some other condition which increased the transmission of resistant bacteria to another organism was misuse of antibiotics and poor infection control practices (World Health Organisation, 2014). In the US 2 million people are infected with antibiotic resistant infection, with at least 23,000 deaths (CDC, 2012). Even though there are problems associated with resistance of microorganisms, these can be however easily solved through effective implementation of antibiotic stewardship program. When defining antibiotic stewardship program, it is a program in any health care sector such as hospital which is actually designed to improve the way of using the prescribed antibiotic drugs and to reduce the spread of infection. In New Zealand the burden of resistant organisms is not as problematic in comparing with other high burden countries, but studies on the resistance pattern demonstrates that the antibiotic resistance will be a great concern in the future. So, it is a favourable situation in New Zealand to halt the progress of resistant organisms and to promote effective antibiotic usage. (Thompson,2013).The topic under discussion is the antimicrobial resistance, its transmission between organisms and also evaluates the effectiveness of antimicrobial stewardship program in New Zealand healthcare settings and also in other countries.
As antibiotic resistance is a part of resistance to prescribed antibiotic drugs where in some minor category of bacterial species become resistant to some antibiotics or in extreme cases they turn to be superbugs that is multidrug resistant, that condition leads to the spread of a number of contagious diseases globally. Most of the bacteria become resistance either by intrinsic or by acquired resistance. In intrinsic resistance, the bacteria naturally develop resistance against the antibiotic and all the strains in that species are coded by the resistant strain. The mechanism named acquired resistance occurs when a bacteria gain resistance against particular antibiotic agent to which it was previously susceptible (Engelkirk & Engelkirk, 2011). The acquired resistance is occurs through two processes they are mutation and horizontal gene transfer. Mutation is a spontaneous change that occurs in the DNA structure of a particular gene within a species which results in the transformation of the gene where antibiotics act. The replication of the mutated gene results in the formation of a new gene which is different from the former one. This results in the inactivation of the antibiotic (Black, 2005). One in one million to one in ten million cells is the rarest
Show More

Related Documents: Essay on Micro-Organisms and Antibiotic Resistance

Sample Scheme Of Work

| |micro-organisms and a disease they cause.|virus). |Website BBC Health |disease are caused by damage done to cells by the | | |Define the term infectious disease in terms of micro-organisms | |microorganisms or the poisons (toxins) they produce.| |Understand how micro-organisms…

Words 5122 - Pages 21

Bacteria and Antibiotic Inhibits Synthesis Essay

Antibiotics and their Resistance (Joe & Rob) Slide One Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that can destroy other microorganisms, or inhibit their growth. Most antibiotics are made by bacteria (such as “Streptomyces”), and a few are made by fungi such as Penicillium. Antibiotics were first discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming; however they were not commercially produced until 1941. One thing to take note is that Antibiotics are either; * Biocidal (they kill other…

Words 573 - Pages 3

C Difficile Analysis

have commonly been reported after the use of antibiotics. The drug most commonly implicated in the development of C. difficile associated diarrhea is Clindamycin. The strains of C. difficile that cause hospital epidemics have been shown to be resistant to Clindamycin when compared with non-epidemic causing strains. A group of highly associated genes called erm genes have been shown to encode for a 23S ribosomal RNA methylase that moderates resistance to macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin (MLS)…

Words 919 - Pages 4

Microbiology: Bacteria and Bacteria Recycle Carbon Essay examples

Microorganisms are organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye Germ refers to a rapidly growing cell Microorganisms include: Bacteria, archea, protozoa, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, viruses Atom – Molecule – Cell – Tissue – Organ – Organ System – Organism – Polpulation – Community – Ecosystem – Biosphere Autotrophs – Herbivores – Carnivores – Top Carnivores Microorganisms beneficial roles: - Marine and freshwater microorganisms are at the base of food chains…

Words 1940 - Pages 8

Multidrug Resistant Case Study

Paso, Texas 79902 Tel: 9155334900 Fax 915 5334902 Email. Suresh.antony@att.net Abstract Multidrug resistant P.aeruginosa and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) enterobactericae is becoming an increasing difficult clinical problem. De novo resistance to some of the new antimicrobials such as ceftolozane/tazobactam is unusual and is due to a variety of…

Words 1233 - Pages 5

Outline The Difficulties Of Defining The Terms Health And Disease

1.1 – Discuss the difficulties of defining the terms ‘health’ and ‘disease’: Health:  Defined as the wellbeing of the organism.  i.e. the physical, mental and social states of the individual.  Difficulties: o Different people have different levels of ‘wellbeing; when they say they are healthy. o E.g. a fit person will say they are healthy if they currently do not have a disease. o However, a person with a chronic disease will say they are healthy if the symptoms are not too bad that day. o Difficult…

Words 6059 - Pages 25

Geography: Infectious Disease and Example House fly Essay

Disease: • Any condition that causes harm or interferes with the normal functioning of a living thing • Generally caused by parasites and pathogenic micro-organisms, or possibly due to environmental, nutritional or genetic factors. Pathogens: • are agents of infectious diseases. Vectors of disease: • an organism capable of carrying and transmitting pathogenic bacterium and virus from one person to another; for example house fly, mosquito, or flea. • Vectors…

Words 1324 - Pages 6

Bacteria and Small freckly Colonies Essay

| Biology | Microbiology | | | 8/16/2012 | | INTRODUCTION 2 History of microbiology 3 Bacteriology 3 Bacteriostatic and Bacteriocidal 3 Bacterial Sensitivity 4 antibiotics 4 Tetracycline 4 Sulphafurazole 4 Gram Staining 5 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 5 Bacteria 6 Staphylococcus Albus 6 Saccharomyces Cerevisiae 6 Bacillus Subtilis 6 Pseudomonas Fluorescens 6 Micrococcus Luteus 6 Penicillium Chrysogenum 6 Aim, question and Hypothesis 7…

Words 6862 - Pages 28

Micro: Immune System and Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Essay

used to describe these viruses: teratogenic What is a bacteriophage? Why is it significant? A bacteriophage is a virus that infects and usually destroys bacterial cells. It is significant because it can potentially be used as an alternative to antibiotics. They are excellent tools for the general study of viruses because they are easier and less expensive than animal or human viruses to culture. What is generalized transduction? the transducing phage carries a random DNA segment from the donor…

Words 4619 - Pages 19

Azotobacter Case Study

and gram negative. Azotobacter is soil dwelling micro-organism with an away of metabolic capabilities in addition to nitrogen fixation. Azotobacter grows profusely in rhizosphere. The most effective strain of Azotobacter is chroococcum (chora means colour and coccus - grain). Azotobacter fixes, on average 10 milli gram of nitrogen/gram of sugar in pure culture on nitrogen free medium. Azotobacter is aerobic, chemo-hetrophic free-living micro-organisms. The lack of organic matter in soil is a limiting…

Words 9703 - Pages 39