Online assignment #2 Essay

EXAM 2

Question 1

* The name (not value) for a measured electrical charge difference between the inside and the outside of a resting cell's plasma membrane.   

membrane potential

Question 2

* This principle, which determines the direction of diffusion for charged solutes, combines the concentration and electrical charge gradients acting on a solute:   

Electrochemical gradient

Question 3

* If only potassium leakage determined membrane potential, what value would membrane potential have in millivolts?   

-90

Question 4

* If a cell's membrane potential becomes less negative, the membrane is going through ________.   

depolarization

Question 5

* If a cell's membrane potential becomes MORE negative, the membrane is going through ________.   

hyperpolarization

Question 6

* What kinds of ion channels are needed in order for a membrane to go through the sudden potential change called an _action potential_?    

Voltage-gated

Question 7

* What are the chemical communication signals released by neurons onto neighboring cells called?   

Neurotransmitter

Question 8

* The kind of chemical communication carried out with local hormones is:   

paracrine

Question 9

* A chemical signal that travels in the blood can properly be called a/an:   

hormone

Question 10

* A cell that can have its behavior changed by a chemical signal is called a __ cell for that chemical.   

target

Question 11

* The class of chemical signal molecules made from cholesterol:   

steroid

Question 12

* The proteins that lipid-soluble signals like thyroid hormones must bind to for travel in the blood are called:    

TRANSPORT PROTEINs

Question 13

* Integral membrane proteins or glycoproteins that detect changes in a cell s chemical, electrical, or physical surroundings.   

Membrane receptors

Question 14

* Steroid and thyroid hormones have receptors that bind to ___ after the hormone binds to the receptor.   

DNA

Question 15

* The enzyme that breaks down cAMP is called ____.   

phosphodiesterase

Question 16

* Binding of an activated ___ to a regulatory site activates the adenylate cyclase enzyme.   

G protein

Question 17

* Adenylate cyclase makes ATP into ___.   

cAMP

Question 18

* cAMP regulates the activity of a __ enzyme.   

kinase

Question 19

* What kind of plasma membrane molecule does phospholipase C act upon?    

PIP2

Question 20

* Phospholipase C cuts Phosphatidyl inositol bis-phosphate into diacylglycerol and ___.   

inositol triphosphate

Question 21

* Diacylglycerol (DAG) acts as a regulator to turn on a _________ enzyme.   

Protein kinase

Question 22

* A cytoplasmic receptor protein that calcium ions commonly bind to when calcium is serving as a second (or third) messenger:   

Calmodulin

Question 23

* The hormone receptor for insulin is a ___.   

Tyrosine kinase

Question 24

* If a chemical signal has a half-life of 1 hour in the bloodstream, how long will it take for its concentration to drop to one-eighth of the starting value?   

3

Question 25

* The class of chemical signal molecules made from arachidonic acid:   

* ecioscanoids

* Question 26

* The enzyme needed to catalyze conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin signal molecules is:   

Cyclooxygenase

Question 27

* The study of tissues, usually at a microscopic level, is ___.   

histology

Question 28

* The extracellular portion of a connective tissue, containing fibers and ground substance, is the __ of the tissue.   

matrix

Question 29

* The earliest, embryonic, connective tissue derived from mesoderm is:   

Mesenchyme

Question 30

* What is the single fluid connective tissue type?   

blood

Question 31

* What kind of cell makes the fibers in fibrous connective tissue?   

fibroblasts

Question 32

* What protein gives dense

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