that is washed into rivers impacts populations of fish, and the oil that is washed ashore and absorbed into the soil affect vegetation and animals. Some oil spilled during the Exxon Valdez spill was trapped under mussel beds providing a route of entry into many food chains. The subsurface grains of stream banks harbored the oil, exposing and killing salmon embryos (Peterson CH, et al., 2003). Chronic exposure to the oil persisting in the sediments were evident in fish, sea otters, and seaducks, all…
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