State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

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Anxiety is a common feeling experienced by all individuals in and out of sport; whether it be worry, nervousness or uneasiness about something which doesn’t have a clear outcome. There are two main types of anxiety known as ‘state’ and ‘trait’ anxiety. State anxiety, also known as A-state, was classified as a temporary emotional response comprising of feelings such as uneasiness and dread (Spielberger, 1966). Spielberger (1966) additionally described Trait anxiety (A-trait) as moderately steady individual differences in anxiety proneness.
Spielberger (1972) established a theory known as the ‘State-Trait Anxiety Inventory’ which determined that those individuals with high levels of A-trait encountered increased levels of state anxiety compared