Stickleback Fish Research Paper

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Most stickleback fish living in the ocean have heavy armor in the form of bony plates and spines projecting from the back and pelvis. These plates are a two-sided pelvic girdle consisting of four elements: the anterior process, ascending branch, posterior process, and pelvic spine. When threatened, a stickleback can simultaneously flare out its pair of pelvic spines and three dorsal spines (Grand, 2000). This increases the diameter and repels compression from the predator’s jaws; making it difficult for predators to swallow them. Populations that have evolved pelvic reduction are typically found in habitats with low predators and no access to outlets. Having access to an outlet, means more predators are able to come into the area. With an absence
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