Bolman And Deal: A Summary

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After many years of unsuccessful change efforts, theorists such as John Kotter, Michael Fullan, Bolman and Deal agree that understanding the change process is crucial (Fullan, 2016; Bolman & Deal, 2013). Bolman and Deal‘s (2013) research identified the elements of leadership and concepts related to power, authority, and management.

Accordingly, Bolman and Deal’s (2013) four frame demonstrate leadership to be situational (dependent on organizational and/or environmental situation); relational (relationship between leader and followers); and distinct (not synonymous with authority or position). These leadership perspectives summarized by the authors four frame model: 1) structure; 2) human resource; 3) political; and 4) symbolic (Bolman &