Gene Abbreviations

Words: 775
Pages: 4
Open Document
RESULTS
Figure 1 shows the histograms of the means of gene expressions from the autism group and the control group. One can see that the means of the two group have very similar distributions. Figure 2 shows the standard deviations of gene expression among the autism group and the control group, Again, the two groups seem to have similar standard deviations. To manage the gene expression magnitude, the gene expression levels were transformed by log2. Figure 3 shows the histogram of the z-scores of each of the genes, which indicates how different the means of the expression levels are between the two groups.
Figure 4 shows the histogram of the z-scores between the two batches for autism groups and the control groups, respectively. There are …show more content…
Using the Bonferroni correction, only two genes were detected to have significant differences in mean, as shown in Table 1, where p-value_adj_b is the adjusted p-value using Bonferroni correction. The Bonferroni correction can sometimes be very conservative, so an alternative, the Benjamini-Hochberg correction to control false discovery rates (FDR), was independently applied. Calculating the adjusted p-value≤0.05 resulted in 254 genes having a significant difference. Due to the number of the genes with differences, only the top 20 genes are listed in Table 2, where p-value_adj_bh is the adjusted p-value using Benjamini-Hochberg …show more content…
Depending on the multiple test correction methods, there are different number of genes expressed differently, as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. The Bonferroni correction can be very conservative since it assumes all tests are statistically independent, which may not be the case because certain genes have similar functionalities and/or a set of genes together controls some functions. Benjamini-Hochberg correction aims to consider the dependency of multiple tests and control the false detection rate. Given the false detection rate less than or equal 0.05, there are 254 genes showing significant expression differences when using Benjamini-Hochberg Correction, including the 2 gene expression differences detected when using Bonferroni correction with one of them being gene ZSCAN18. ZSCAN18 has been associated with affecting neurological development [5]. Nevertheless, the results support the assumption that autism has genetic base. Among the rest of the 253 differences, some of them, e.g., chromosome 15q11-13, have been identified from previous research [6]. The results here independently support the aforementioned
Show More

Related Documents: Gene Abbreviations

Genetics: Dna and Dna Molecules Essay

into two large groups: cells with a nucleus, called eukaryotic cells, or simply eukaryotes; and cells without a nucleus, called prokaryotic cells, or prokaryotes. All biological cells store their genetic information in the form of DNA. DNA is an abbreviation of deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA molecules determine the types of protein synthesised within the cell. Eukaryotes store their DNA in their nucleus and prokaryotes store their DNA in their nucleoid. A nucleus is composed of the following parts: nuclear…

Words 1796 - Pages 8

Guidelines: Amino Acid and Scientific Writing Essay

Guidelines for Writing a Scientific Paper Writing an effective scientific paper is not easy. A good rule of thumb is to write as if your paper will be read by a person who knows about the field in general but does not already know what you did. Before you write a scientific paper read some scientific papers that have been written in the format of the paper you plan to use. In addition to the science, pay attention to the writing style and format. Abstract: An abstract is a succinct (one paragraph)…

Words 2015 - Pages 9

Sickle Cell Research Paper

abnormal hemoglobin genes, one from each parent. In all forms of SCD, at least one of the two abnormal genes causes a person’s body to make hemoglobin S. When a person has two hemoglobin S genes, Hemoglobin SS, the disease is called sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell has many different names that it goes by but the most common ones are, HbS disease and Hemoglobin S Disease. Sickle cell has an abbreviation too and it is SCD The main way to get sickle cell is caused by a mutation in the gene that tells your…

Words 536 - Pages 3

Dna: Dna and Dna Bases Essay

DNA, Genes and Chromosomes Genetics is the field of study that is concerned with heredity and the numerous variations in organisms. This includes DNA, genes and chromosomes which are the three main sub-topics within genetics and are related to each other in a unique way. Deoxyribonucleic acid also known as DNA is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms which contain the biological instructions that make each species unique. DNA is inherited from a person’s mother and father…

Words 1055 - Pages 5

Genesmanship Chapter 6 Answers

Chapter 6: Genesmanship • Genes could possibly replicate itself to other bodies • Used example: Albino gene recognizing itself in another person trying to get gene pool alive • Ex: An Albino family with (albino genes) can have a family and one person dies, so the other genes will try to make more genes in order to keep it gene pool alive • From your mother and father you get 50 of each genes = 100 • Gene H can come from you dad and mother and then 50% of H will go to your child because ½ of your…

Words 1613 - Pages 7

Gm Food Research Paper

Modified Food Harmful to Human Health? Genetically Modified food is a technology that changes the genetic information of living organisms to make them more useful to human. This new technology was created through the combination of different genes from different living organisms. Genetically Modified food could be utilized in medicines, vaccines, foods, and other food ingredients (Genetically Modified Foods and Organisms). However, the most significant advantage of GM (Genetically Modified)…

Words 1340 - Pages 6

Ap Biology Pre Test

PRE-TEST 1. What does DNA stand for? A. Deoxyribonucleic Acid B. Deoxyrinonucleic Acid C. Deoxyribonucleic Antacid D. Deoxyrinonucleic Antacid 2. What makes up the nucleotides of DNA? A. Sugar, Phosphatase and Nitrogenous base B. Ribose Sugar, Phosphate and Nitrogenous base C. Sugar, Phosphate and Nickle base D. Deoxyribose Sugar, Phosphate and Nitrogenous base 3. Which of the following best describes a DNA molecule? A. double helix B. contains ribose C. made of amino acids D. contains Uracil…

Words 1201 - Pages 5

Genetically Modified Organisms Effect

and loss because of the GM canola, because his seed got contaminated. He also argued that to have infringed on the patent he had to spray his fields with Roundup and he claimed that he never did. Schimeiser’s defense team argued that by releasing the gene into the environment in an uncontrolled manner, Monsanto had lost the right to an exclusive patent. The Aftermath, the Federal Court Case wrote that since Schimeiser’s argument that Monsanto cannot control his products defies all the evidence. The…

Words 1339 - Pages 6

Arsenic Susceptibility Essay

Maria Syfert BIO 206 - 1. Citation Muniz Ortiz, JG, Opoka R, Cane D, Cartwright IL. 2008. Investigating Arsenic Susceptibility from a Genetic Perspective in Drosophila Reveals a Key Role for Glutathione Synthetase. Toxicological Sciences 107(2):416–426. 2. State the affiliations of the authors (for example, Department of Biology, Thomas More College). For multi-authored papers (>2 authors), use the first and last author. Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University…

Words 1246 - Pages 5

Exam 2 Essay

lactobacillic acid higher or lower than that of stearic acid ? Briefly explain your answer. 3 a. (4 pts) Give the name and abbreviation for the following molecule, and identify the specific linkage that is indicated by the arrow. ____________________________________________________ (name and abbreviation) ________________________________ (type of linkage) 4 (5 pts) Nucleotides are used for many things besides DNA and RNA. For instance…

Words 1132 - Pages 5